The Wow Horse Races into History

Secretariat--the name has a kind of bureaucratic resonance. But no label could be more deceptive. The regal thoroughbred that carries it is not the tallest horse that ever lived, but he is enormous by any other measure of size or performance. He has a neck like a buffalo, a back as broad as a sofa. His chest is so deep and wide that it takes a custom-made girth to encircle its 75% in. and hold the saddle. And he is still growing.

At full speed, this huge and powerful combination of bone, muscle and glistening red chestnut coat covers just an inch short of 25 ft. in a single stride. He has finished first in 11 of 14 races. He has won $804,202 since last July 4 --more than any other single competitor in any sport--and in 1972 as a mere two-year-old, he was named horse of the year. Now, having won both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness this spring, Secretariat is an odds-on favorite to run away with the Belmont Stakes this Saturday and earn his right to the Triple Crown of American horse racing.

Victory at Belmont would make Secretariat the first winner of the Triple Crown for three-year-olds since Citation turned the trick a quarter-century ago. He would be only the ninth horse in 91 years to accomplish the grand slam. The odds against any modern horse finishing first in all three races have grown longer every year. When Citation did it, he was one of about 6,000 three-year-old thoroughbreds on the books of the Jockey Club. Flat racing has become far more popular and populous since then, and Secretariat started out with about 25,000 contemporaries, all potential competitors. Further, the three major races, bunched within five weeks, present different problems in terms of length and race track surfaces. Yet, the chalk players have such confidence in Secretariat that a $2 bet will likely fetch no more than $2.10 or $2.20 if he wins at Belmont.

His Bloodlines. What has made Secretariat a superhorse? His is a riches-to-riches story, a compound of good genes, good training and good luck. He has been particularly fortunate in his three human partners: Principal Owner Penny Tweedy, proprietress of The Meadow farm in Virginia, and her two French-Canadian colleagues, Trainer Lucien Laurin and Jockey Ron Turcotte (see box next page).

It was Mrs. Tweedy who arranged the mating that produced Secretariat. As the father she chose Bold Ruler--a horse that had won 23 races, including the 1957 Preakness, and then turned into one of the greatest sires of all time; his offspring included 69 stakes races winners. Yet Bold Ruler progeny were not perfect. They always seemed at their best in shorter races. It became axiomatic in racing that the Bold Rulers seldom won at 1 1/4 miles or more.

"The best way to describe Bold Ruler's offspring," says Mrs. Tweedy, "is that they've been precocious and brilliant. Most of them have run their best at age two, at the shorter distances, and have been something of a disappointment at three, when they're asked to go farther. Also Bold Ruler was arthritic, and there's a tendency to unsoundness in the family." That means his offspring tend to go lame, early and often. Bold Ruler himself was to die of cancer at 17, which is relatively young.

But Penny Tweedy has a breeding theory based on the belief that every horse, male or female, has some defects; the trick is to cross bloodlines so that the dam's virtues cancel out the sire's flaws and vice versa. According to this theory, she had the ideal mate for Bold Ruler--a mare called Somethingroyal, daughter of a very different kind of sire named Princequillo.

Horses sired by Princequillo are usually the exact opposite of Bold Ruler foals; they have proved to be tough, durable, and able to go almost any distance, though seldom blessed with early speed. Mrs. Tweedy had never forgotten what another horse breeder once told her: "The Princequillos will run all day--and if the races get long enough and the other horses get tired enough, sooner or later they'll win for you."

The theory that you can breed a brilliant sire of young speedballs with the daughter of a line of gallant and tireless plodders and thereby produce a superhorse may be entirely wrong. Indeed, many people think that all breeding theories are wrong. "What you really need to get a good foal," one expert has said, "is a male horse, a female--and a lot of luck."

Horse racing history is, in fact, full of brilliant and expensive matings that have gone wrong. Champion mares bred to champion stallions have dropped foals that resembled neither parent in any respect except having four legs; the offspring have been pigeontoed, rough-kneed, cow-hocked, swaybacked, puny, soft-boned and wind-broken.

Still, science sometimes triumphs. In March of 1970, Somethingroyal dropped her foal by Bold Ruler at The Meadow. When Mrs. Tweedy visited the farm and saw the colt for the first time, she made a one-word entry in the notebook she keeps on her horses. The word was "Wow!"

The colt was big, bright-eyed, barrel-chested. A picture horse. His legs promised to be straight and flawless; knees and ankles--often soft spots on a thoroughbred--were trim and tight. As he grew, a purist determined not to give him 100% on looks might have argued that his rump was on the skimpy side. He was and still is, as track people say, just a touch goose-butted.

Conformation, like size and breeding formulas, does not always guarantee speed or spirit. Many big horses have their problems--malformed hind legs, for instance, or backs too long for ideal running. The majority of successful racers tend to run in medium sizes, or even on the small side. When Secretariat was a yearling romping around the farm, he demonstrated the proper spirit. Manager Howard Gentry recalls that "he always liked to lead the field, even when he was running with other yearlings across the pasture."

Still, there was some early doubt as to whether nature had intended Secretariat to run or just to be admired for his looks, his intelligence and his calm disposition. All big, growthy horses go through periods when, like awkward teenagers, they seem to be constantly tripping over their own feet. In Secretariat's case there was another problem: an insatiable appetite.

Secretariat would eat anything he saw that resembled food. Inevitably, he got chubby, then more so, and it began to look as if he would be the plump kid on the block who never makes the team. He still has the appetite of the growing boy he is. A small race mare does well to eat 8 or 9 qt. of oats a day, and 12 qt. are a lot for an above-average male. Secretariat is what track people call a "good doer." He eats 16 qt., and between meals keeps his groom busy replenishing the supply of hay on which he nibbles almost constantly.

After a hard race, many horses hardly eat at all; in trainers' terminology, they back off their feed. After the Derby, Laurin watched the groom prepare Secretariat's usual supper--oats cooked into a mash, plus carrots and some vitamins and minerals, plus some "sweet feed," grains coated with molasses to provide the rough equivalent of a candied breakfast cereal. The mixture filled the better part of a big tub, and Laurin said, "He won't finish that in three days." An hour and a half later the tub was empty.

Secretariat could probably have finished even faster, but he is fastidious about his mealtime manners. He likes to work on the mash for a while, then refresh his taste buds with a sip of water or a few wisps of hay. From time to time he pauses to tidy the floor of his stall by picking up stray kernels. He is the neatest glutton at the track.

Secretariat's capacity for food was a handicap when Laurin began training him for his apprenticeship as a two-year-old. The name of the training game is patience. A horse has to gallop a mere slow mile a day before his muscles are in shape to gallop two miles. He has to gallop two slow miles a day for a long time before he is in shape to do any running. He has to run slow before he is ready to run fast, and short distances like a furlong or two before he is ready to run farther.

Training a fat horse requires even more forbearance than working with a skinny one. The fat has to be exercised away, without unduly straining the muscles, before there can be any thought of trying to find out whether he has any speed. The months went by. Other two-year-olds were getting to the races and starting to make names for themselves. When Mrs. Tweedy asked how her wow horse was doing, Laurin's answer for a long time was "He hasn't shown me much." Then the bulletins were amended slightly--but only slightly--to "He's coming along."

Finally, late last spring, Laurin told his boss that he was ready to drop the horse into his first race. When she said she was going to be away on a trip, he said, "I'll wait; I think you ought to be here when he runs." Coming from a cautious and laconic trainer, that kind of statement requires translation. Mrs. Tweedy's spirit soared. The translation could only be: "When this baby runs, you're going to see something."

Opening Blow. The first race, finally run at Aqueduct on the Fourth of July last year, was part disaster, part triumph. The disaster occurred coming out of the starting gate, when another horse wheeled into Secretariat and knocked him sideways. "If he wasn't so strong," the jockey said afterward, "he would have gone right down." The triumph was that after being slammed completely out of contention, Secretariat closed with a rush, made up seven or eight lengths in the last quarter-mile, and finished fourth.

This was the last time the horse has ever been out of the money. In fact, he never finished behind another horse in all the rest of his nine starts in '72, although once his number was taken down for a foul when Jockey Turcotte used the whip on him for the first time and the startled Secretariat ducked into another horse.

This year Secretariat has won four races out of five. At the 1 1/8-mile Wood Memorial at Aqueduct in late April, he ran third, behind Angle Light and Sham. Nobody will ever be sure what went wrong that day. Turcotte is inclined to blame himself. Giving the horse his final speed work four days before the race, Turcotte sent him a mile in 1.42%. A fair workout for most horses--but a heavy eater like Secretariat needs to extend himself between races to keep in top condition, and it might have been better if they had gone faster.

On the other hand, Secretariat might just not have felt right on the day of the Wood. A horse cannot tell his trainer when he would rather stay in the barn. Citation and Man O' War, the two bygone champions to which Secretariat is being compared, also were beaten when they had an off day.

Early Foot. Whatever the reason for failure at the Wood Memorial, there was no hint of difficulty at the Derby or the Preakness. Secretariat set a Derby record (1:5 3/8). As usual, he broke out of the gate about even with the rest of the field. Then he promptly dropped back to last in the field of 13. Since he was the 3-to-2 favorite, he must have given many thousands of backers an anxious moment. But that seems to be the strategy that he and Turcotte, his steady rider for most of the past year, have worked out together.

"He could show a lot of early foot if we wanted to," says Turcotte, "but he doesn't seem to like it that way. What I do is, I just let him relax and find his feet. Then he'll give me his speed any time I chirp to him."

In the Derby, the Secretariat-Turcotte brain trust decided to show its speed nearing the final turn. Toward the end of the turn and coming into the stretch, where it seemed that chirping might not be enough, Turcotte gave his collaborator a few whacks with the whip to indicate the seriousness of the situation. After that Secretariat took the lead and drew away.

The Preakness was even easier. Secretariat again broke with the field and dropped back to last while Turcotte let him "find his feet." Around the first turn Turcotte decided the pace was too slow and chirped to his horse, planning to pass a few of his competitors at that point and get into early contention. But while Secretariat was accelerating, the others were slowing down. In one great swoop of the field, Secretariat was in front with still about three-quarters of a mile to run. And there he stayed with the greatest of ease.

Turcotte never even bothered to cock his whip--which means transferring it from between the last two fingers and the palm to the working part of the hand. Who needed a whip?

Now Belmont. Secretariat--along with Mrs. Tweedy, Laurin and Turcotte --is now ready for the ultimate test. Few three-year-olds will even dare take the track against him at Belmont but he will again have to face Sham, the horse that ran second in both the Derby and Preakness in efforts good enough to win in most years. There will also be a newcomer named Pvt. Smiles, which did not run in the first part of the Triple Crown but showed great promise of being a distance horse in last week's Jersey Derby.

Then there is the difference in tracks. The Kentucky Derby is 1 1/4 miles run on a surface at Churchill Downs that many horses find particularly tiring. The Preakness is considerably shorter, 1 3/16 miles, and Pimlico has sharp turns and a shorter stretch that generally favor horses with enough early foot to be in front with no more than half a mile to go. (From 1923 to 1931, the Preakness preceded the Derby and horses had a more natural progression of lengths building up to the Belmont Stakes.) The third race of the Triple Crown is once around the Belmont track, the only one in the country that is 1 1/2 miles long. The Belmont is the fairest test of all, since the track provides a long run to the first turn and gentle, sweeping curves that give the horses plenty of maneuver room. There is less chance of bumps or other bad breaks than at any other major course.

The race, however, is run at a marathon distance that most American horses, young or old, find impossible to travel at anywhere near their top speed without falling apart from fatigue. Can Secretariat go the distance? If he can, he may not only capture the Triple Crown but also break the record for the race--2:26%, which is also the track record at Belmont Park, set by Gallant Man in 1957. The Belmont track is extremely fast this year for some reason --possibly because of the unusually heavy spring rains that have packed the surface, possibly because of the particular combination of sand and loam and clay that is being used.

Suspense may be building for fans, owners, trainers and jockeys, but the star remains supremely serene. Belmont is Secretariat's usual home between races elsewhere, and he is unconscionably comfortable there despite his celebrity status. The famous old track is a delightful place on a sunny morning in early June. The barns are set far apart; the buildings and roads are shaded by ancient trees. The slanting early sunlight casts shifting patterns on the grassy plots where horses graze.

All the work around the stables is concentrated in a single four-hour period, and from 6 to 10 a.m. the area sees a constant flow of activity--but activity that is controlled and subdued, conducted quietly, almost noiselessly, lest the high-priced and high-strung animals that are the center of all the attention become frightened by it.

Silent Movie. Cars come and go down the roadway--trainers on their errands, exercise boys and jockey agents going from barn to barn, owners arriving to see their horses work out. But the cars move slowly, with scarcely a sound, partly because this is the code of racetrackers, partly because those unfamiliar with the code find their progress slowed by high bumps built into the roads and a succession of signs that read YIELD: HORSE CROSSING.

Horses walk stiff-legged in the cool morning air to the track where they work out, their impassive exercise boys sitting aboard them. At the barns the trainers are supervising the morning's activities; the grooms are cleaning out the stalls or putting the tack on a horse about to go to the track; the hot-walkers are leading the horses that have already been to the track round and round until they have cooled out from their exercise. All with hardly a sound, as if the whole busy scene had been captured in a silent movie. A person can stand five feet from an angry trainer dressing down an errant groom and never hear a word he is saying.

Secretariat's home--ordinarily--is especially serene. Trainer Laurin, who races one of the best strings of horses at Belmont even without Secretariat, has a cluster of buildings all to himself, surrounding an outdoor walking ring and a grazing plot. The area is its own little world, isolated from all outside influence, peopled only by the same familiar faces that work there every day, going about their business with quiet and calming assurance.

The calm has been disturbed, of course, by Secretariat's reputation. Reporters and photographers have shown up frequently and curious passers-by try for a glimpse of the horse or for a word with Laurin. That kind of turmoil, together with the pressure and travel of the Triple Crown competition, could give any thoroughbred fits. Secretariat seems immune to nerves.

A race horse knows a day he is to run because his usual ration of hay disappears. Many animals become edgy, difficult to handle. Secretariat is so calm that just before the Derby he lay down for a refreshing 90-minute snooze. He did the same thing just before the Preakness. A TV crew does not faze him. Recently, while a handler was being interviewed, Secretariat calmly began to nibble on the microphone on the off chance that it was edible. Once, while the horse was being led to stable by Groom Ed Sweat, the leather strap broke off in Sweat's hand. A stallion on the loose can be a perilous thing. Were his people scared? "You can say that again," recalls Laurin. But Secretariat merely stopped and waited for Sweat to grab the halter. "He wasn't going anywhere," says the groom.

Horse as Ham. "When a cameraman is around," says Penny Tweedy, "and he hears the clicks, he puts up his head and stares off into the distance, looking grand. He's quite a ham."

It is almost as if Secretariat realizes how short a period he has in the limelight. Unfortunately for people who love to watch a great horse in action, Secretariat's racing career has less than six months to go. Even if he stays sound and keeps improving, as seems likely, he is slated for early retirement no later than November.

It is an irony of horse racing that its champions--unlike any other great athletes--are worth more after they retire than at the peak of their form. When they retire they go to stud, which means that they are mated to 30 or 35 high-class mares every spring, in the hope that they will reproduce their own good qualities in their offspring.

So intense is the competition among breeders to produce superior young horses that a good stud horse, such as Secretariat shows every promise of becoming, is worth almost any sum one cares to pull out of a hat. Secretariat's value in stud was set a few months ago at just over $6,000,000--a price arrived at by finding that 32 people were willing to pay $190,000 each, even before he won as a three-year-old, for the privilege of being able to breed one mare to him a year for the rest of his life. He might bring half again as much today.

Penny Tweedy was not keen on syndicating her wow horse. "I personally would prefer to race him as long as he stays sound," she says. But the family needed a lot of cash to pay estate taxes after her father, Christopher T. Chenery, utilities magnate and founder of Meadow Stable, died last January. The Secretariat bloodline was the most salable asset.

There was also the question of whether any single person is rich and daring enough to own a horse worth as much as Secretariat. "My brother's an economist," says Mrs. Tweedy, "and it made him nervous to think of owning an asset worth $6,000,000 that depended on a single heart beat." So the deal was made. Meadow Stable can race Secretariat until Nov. 15, keeping any money he earns. After that he goes to a breeding farm in Kentucky to rest up from the racing wars and prepare for the mares he will court next spring.

Crazy Business. As the Secretariat syndication shows, the economics of horse racing is totally cockeyed. Nobody would ever think of retiring a pitcher as soon as he throws a no-hitter, a quarterback as soon as he wins in the Super Bowl. But horse racing --heavily taxed by every state where it exists, requiring tremendous investments in racing plants and breeding farms and the manpower required to train and run its animals--has been turned into a sort of rich man's lottery.

A bad horse, even an average one, is worth nothing. In fact, most owners run their stables at a loss. Of the 26,000 horses born this year, at least 20,000 will cost more to train (about $10,000 a year at the big-time tracks) than they will ever earn. Most of the others, competing in routine races, will merely break even or make a modest profit. But a very few of the top ones, good enough for classics like the Triple Crown (a total of about $525,000 in purse money this year) will earn fortunes and then become the sires or dams of horses also potentially worth fabulous sums.

Thus the horse owners continue to chase their rainbows, knowing that the gold will elude most of them most of the time. They are gamblers, and every gambler thinks that some day he will be able to do it all. Every one of them will be imagining himself in Penny Tweedy's place this Saturday afternoon as her superhorse makes his run at racing history.

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